??? If by the law of partial pressures, you mean Dalton's Law, then I fail to see how it applies to this scenario. However, your larger point about oxygen diffusing against a back pressure is certainly true if the seal is permeable enough. I know that in the past I've mentioned my own experience of oxygen permeating Tygon (PETE polymer) tubing which had a pressurized flow of nitrogen going through it. However, I suspect that the very compressed cork of the Champagne bottle, combined with the high pressure of CO2 in the headspace, makes any significant influx of oxygen a very slow process. However, the longer the bottle sits, the less cork integrity it has, so I'm sure that a Champagne aged long enough will indeed oxidize.
Just my $0.02, Mark Lipton